20th Century Arts

20th century arts:

Cinematography-
Cinematography was created during the 19th century
Originally geared towards the upper class and it wasn't long before the lower and middle were enjoying films as well.
German Expressionism of the 1920s is said to have influence classic Hollywood film noir.
The Jazz Singer (1927)
First full length film with synchronized dialog


Nazi Regime-
No films could be made that contradicted the ideas of the Nazi Party
Triumph of the Will (1935) Propaganda film created by Leni Riefenstahl of the Nuremberg Rally
Many of the films during this time were propaganda, racist, or comedies

Films and Information-

• 1920s
• Nosferatu (1922) ‘Dracula’ 
• Redone in 1979 by Werener Herzog
• 1950s - Attendance was at an all time high during 1956
              Main Genres: Heimatfilm ("homeland film"), romance, musicals, comedies 
• 1960s - Less movie patrons
              Main Genres: westerns, crime, thrillers, porn
• 1970s - New Cinema Era
              Main Genres: Literature to Film, Feminist films
• 1980s -  Renewed international recognition for German films

• Das Boot (1981)        
• The NeverEnding Story (1984)

• Wings of Desire (1987)
• 1990s- Focused on independent films and horror movies
• Lola Rennt (1998)
• 
  
• Dance
• Schuhplatter
• Bavarian/Austrian folk dance. 
• Originally, young men danced to impress marriageable young women.
• The dance was a free of rules, but now the dance used traditional steps of a rhythmic hitting the thigh, knees, soles of the feet, and stomping of the feet.
• Modern Dance
• Rudolf von Laban and his student Mary Wigman had major influence
• Began as a dance of experiementation.
• Mary Wigman opened a school of dance in Dresden in 1920. However, the Nazis closed her school.
• She reopened her school in 1948 in Berlin.
• Early 20th century Music
• Cabaret: Rose during Weimar Republic (1920s), Popular in night clubs, type of stage entertainment, similar to Burlesque
• Swing: Banned by Nazi Germany because it was associated with "American ways" and promoted sexual promiscuity
• Ernst Hermann Meyer
• Born in Berlin on December 8th, 1905
• · At 11 he started composing
• · Get his PhD at Heidelburg University
• · He was Jewish so he went to the UK so he didn’t get killed by Nazi’s
• · He was one of the most influential music figures in the GDR
• · He was the head of the German Society of Composers and Musicologists, professor of musicology at the Berlin Humbolt University, chairman of the German Handel Society and founder of the annual Handel Festival which is still celebrated in some parts of Germany
• · Some of his works include: Symphony for strings, symphony in b flat and sonata for viola and piano (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrL8iTEeA2o&feature=related)
• · He died October 8th, 1988
• Born in Munich on July 10th, 1895
• · He started taking interest in music as early as five, at 16 some of his music was published
• · He participated and nearly died in ww1
• · He not only wrote music but he also wrote stories and plays
• · He co-founded the Gunther School for gymnastics, music and dance. He worked with mostly beginners and this is how he started to share his ideas of conducting
• · The first way he started this was with Elementare Musikubung, this ended up being too complex for the teachers to follow. He then created Schulwerk, which was much easier to do and get the kids involved in. This helped combine instruments, music and dancing.
• · Later on he created Musik fur Kider which also helps get children up and moving.
• · A lot of his accomplishments were geared towards teaching children and ways of getting them involved in music and such.
• · His most famous piece is his Carmina Burana sometimes known as O Fortuna (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkgcUEGEZv4&feature=fvst)
• · The translation of this song is pretty depressing. It basically about trying to overcome and failing miserably (http://www.puremango.co.uk/2008/03/o_fortuna_translation/)
• · He died March 29th, 1982
• Modern Music:
• Rammestein
• formed in 1994
• sold 15 million albums worldwide. 
• Industrial Metal Genre. 
• Du Hast
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My0HQ0QkGLQ
• Rap music did not come about until the late 1980s, emerging most in 1995-early 2000s
• Bushido- Nie Ein
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DA7EB-J9TuA
• Expressionist Art Movement
• This type of art distorted color, scale and space to convey their feelings about what they saw.  
• Mostly from Dresden and Munich
• Influenced from Van Gogh's evocative canvases 
• Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//German_film_history
• http://worldfilm.about.com/od/germanfilms/tp/germanfilms.org
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Cabaret
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism#Theatre
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein#cite_note-6
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_hip_hop
• http://www.ranker.com/list/german-expressionism-paintings/reference

20th century rules and government

Weimar Republic (1918-1933)
The Weimar Republic is referred to as a period in German History between 1918 and 1933 when the government was a democratic republic governed by a constitution that was laid out in the German city Weimar.
-during this time period there was 6 chancellors
-made to replace the imperial government
-officially named Deutsches Reich meaning/translated to the german Empire or Realm
-they wrote a new constitution which was adopted August 11, 1919
-it was over thrown by the Nazis

Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
The hyperinflation was a three-year period in Germany between June 1921 and July 1924.  The hyperinflation episode in the Weimar Republic in the 1920's was not the first, nor the only in Europe.  Many of the economic behaviors now associated with hyperinflation were first documented in Germany.  Hyperinflation is widely believed to have contributed to the Nazi takeover of germany and Adolf Hitlers rise to power.
-Dawes plan:
relied on money from US in 1924 but soon realized they couldn't pay back such a large sum of money
-Young plan:
reduced payments to allow better payment plans.  Lowered to a half billion gold marks which in 1929 was about 8 million in the US. now days it is 103 billion.

The Treaty of Versailles
The treaty of versailees is one of the most controversial international agreements.  Many people have tended to blame the rise of the Nazis on versailles.
-financial impact:
the treaty blamed Germany for the first world war.  As a result of this Germany was also held accountable for the cost of the war.  The treaty dictated that compensations would have to be paid to the Allies.  That they would have to make monthly payments that would total 6,600 million Euros.
-Political Impact:
The treaty triggered a number of political reactions.  First, the government of the day resigned, having refused to sign the treaty agreement.  Second, the incoming government had no choice but to sign the treaty.  For doing so, they were accused by some of stabbing the German people in the back.

20th century writers and poets

Writers and Poets of 20^th Century Germany

By: Matt Dehn, Miranda Scherer, Lacey Harp, Robert Niehoff, 

Tom Monson, Angela Balcome, Tim Cox and Starsha Vang

Our outline( because powerpoint would not upload)

Pre war(1900-1914)

Expressionism

Built up emotions that lead to war

Reaction of Conditions

New Objectivism

A better lifestyle?

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230881/German-literature

War Era 1915-1945

Much written about this era!

Expressionism Era Effected

NAZI CONTROL

Book Burning Hyperlink

POST WAR(1945-1959)

Much writing about holocaust survival

Aftermath of War

Depressing

Hans Fallada

Born in Greifswald in 1893

Pseudonyms come from Grimm Fairy Tales

Died in 1947 at 54 years of age

Works include

Little Man- What Now?

Alone in Berlin

Little Man- What Now?

Published in 1932

Made into a Movie- released in US in 1934

Alone in Berlin

Published in 1947

Based on true story

Became bestseller in US/UK when translated into English

Thomas Kling

Poet

Wrote Manhatten Mouthspace about 9/11 disaster

Died in 2005

Anna Seghers/ Netty Reiling

Born as Netty Reiling in Mainz

Studied Philology (study of language), History and Sinology (study of classical language and literature) at Heidelber in Cologne.

Published Die Gefährten in 1932 warning about fascism. Leading to her arrest and later working for an anti-fascist magazine.

In 1950 she was a co-founder of the GDR.

Died in 1983

Günter Eich

Born February 1, 1907 in Lebus, Brandenburg

Served in German Army during WWII

Poet, Playwrite, Author

Died 1972

Works of Günter Eich

Rebellion in der Goldstadt (1940)

Züge im Nebel (1947)

Abgelegene Gehöfte (1948)

Träume. Vier Spiele (1953)

Das Jahr Lazertis (1954)

Botschaften des Regens (1955) 

Stimmen (1958)

Zu den Akten (1964)

Anlässe und Steingärten (1966)

Maulwürfe (1968)

Ein Tibeter in Meinem

Büro (1970)

Nach Seumes Papieren (1972)

Erich Remarque

Born 1898

Wrote All Quiet on the Western Front after his experience on the Western front

Left Germany in 1931

In 1933 the Nazi’s banned and destroyed all copies of All Quiet on the Western Front

In 1943 the Nazi party arrested his sister for ‘undermining morale’. She was sentenced to death by guillotine

Other Works of Erich Remarque

The Road Back 

Three Comrades

Arch of Triumph

A Spark of Life

Time to Live and Time to Die

Christa Wolf

Born March 18, 1929 in Brandenburg

Literacy Critic, Novelist, Essayist

One of the best-known writers from East Germany

First recipient of the German Book Prize

Best known work was with Der Geteilte Himmel (1963)

Anne Frank

Born June 12, 1929

German-Jewish teen, forced into hiding during the Holocaust

Spent 25 months above her father’s office in Amsterdam

In March, 1945, 9 months after she and her family was found. Anne Frank died of typhus at the age of 15.

Her Diary was published in 1947, later becoming one of the most widely read books in the world

Aldona Gustas

Born in Lithuania March 2, 1932

Moved to Berlin in 1941

Published 11 books of poetry between 1962-1980. 

Main theme being Love

Received Rahel Varnhagen Medal in 1997. 

Erich Kastner

Born in Dresden on February 23, 1899

Author, Screenwriter

Satire

Humorous Poetry

Children’s Literature

Drafted in WWI at 18 years old

Published Emil Und Die Detektive (1928)- Best-known children’s book

Novel Fabian (1931) made into movie released in 1980

Alfred Döblin 

Worked at Journalist in Berlin

Won Fontane Prize for Die drei Sprünge des Wang-Lung (1915)

Was German Army doctor during WWI

Became President of German Writers Association in 1924

Most famous work was Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929)

Worked for MGM Studios in USA in 1940 before moving to France in 1945

Sources

http://www.lituanus.org/1981_4/81_4_07.htm#Ref

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldona_Gustas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Doblin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Doeblin

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner

http://www.mertin-litag.de/authors_htm/Hilsenrath-E.htm 

http://www.nndb.com/people/079/000163587/

 http://www.mscd.edu/~mdl/gerresources/frauen/aseghers.htm

 http://www.dialoginternational.com/dialog_international/2010/04/national-poetry-month-.html

http://klappentexterin.wordpress.com/category/fundstucke/page/2/  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Wolf

http://maps.thefullwiki.org/Christa_Wolf

http://www.thewiplist.com/celebrity/Christa+Wolf_10634129/

http://hansfallada.com/

http://hansfallada.com/wp-content/themes/arthemia/scripts/timthumb.php?src=/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Fallada_1_DW_Kultur_818266g.jpg&w=300&h=275&zc=1&q=100

 http://germany.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=2219

http://www.annefrank.com/who-is-anne-frank/ 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque

http://www.annefrank.com/who-is-anne-frank

20th Century Roles of Men and Women in Society

20^th Century Roles of Men and Women in Society

By: Tom Monson, Miranda Scherer, Robert Niehoff, Matt Dehn, 

Tim Cox, Angela Balcome, Sarsha Vang, Monica Riebe, Brett Clark- Hedlof

Military Roles

Men

All men age 18-23 were obligated to go through a nine month training before going into war 

There are approximately 200,000 soldiers that are considered professional and 300,000 that are more civilian, but are on reserve and are able to become active at any given time

Some men were forced into war through guilt or shame of their family and friends during WWI and WWII

All major German military and political leaders were men

Military roles

Women

In WWII Women took on the more traditional roles that men had filled.

During WWII Women tended to the sick and wounded, buried the dead, cleared the streets of rubble and ruins and salvaged what they could.

In 1975, German women were sought out to join the military, mostly as nurses

Political Roles

1919- Women receive the right to vote

1949- Basic Law made men and women equal, but until 1957 this law wasn’t amended into the civil code

Domestic Roles

Women

the three "K" words: Kirche, Kinder and Küche. (church, children and cooking) 

Also, women were meant to bear “Aryan” children and were taught to do so through aggressive propaganda.

East German society

East Germany

Women remained working

Laws were revised to accommodate working mothers and many daycares opened up

Abortion was legalized for the 1^st trimester

East Germany relied on women due to the number of males fleeing to West Germany

90% of women made up the workforce and ½ of the German Trade Union Federation

West German Society

West Germany

After WWII women became homemakers again because the men were back from war

West women wanted the same rights as east women (abortion, working rights, education)

Education

Primarily male driven at first

More then half of the people getting a secondary education was women after 1977

East women were more educated then west, because west women wanted to keep the traditional role

In 1980 women were just as qualified as men

Work Force 

Women’s salary was still only about 65-78% of the male salary

Women could not hold top positions

Most women still worked the traditional jobs, such as school teachers and nurses

Sources

Sources
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm

http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa080601c.htm
http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
http://www.mygermancity.com/german-military
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005205
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/g-wm.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_roles_in_the_World_Wars
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/matahari.htm
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#Gender_roles_and_demographics
http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,702895,00.html
http://www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/pretoria__dz/en/03__BD/New__women__manag