Wednesday, December 14, 2011
Wednesday, December 7, 2011
20th Century Inventions in Germany.. one missed
Emil Adolf von Behring
-He was a German Physiologist
-He received the fist Nobel Peace Prize in Physiologist or Medicine in 1901.
-Himself along with Kitasato Shibassaburo and Emily Roux created a medicine to help cure diseases.
-They developed a serum therapy (sometimes known as blood serum, which is basically the plasma minus the stuff that makes blood clot), that helped with diphtheria and tetanus
-This was important because these 2 diseases were the two leading causes of death during the war.
-He also tried to create a cure for tuberculosis but it didn't work on humans
-Died on March 31st , 1917 at age 63
-He was a German Physiologist
-He received the fist Nobel Peace Prize in Physiologist or Medicine in 1901.
-Himself along with Kitasato Shibassaburo and Emily Roux created a medicine to help cure diseases.
-They developed a serum therapy (sometimes known as blood serum, which is basically the plasma minus the stuff that makes blood clot), that helped with diphtheria and tetanus
-This was important because these 2 diseases were the two leading causes of death during the war.
-He also tried to create a cure for tuberculosis but it didn't work on humans
-Died on March 31st , 1917 at age 63
20th Century Inventions in Germany
Rudolf Dassler
He was the German founder of the sportswear company PUMA and the older brother of Adidas founder, Adolf "Adi" Dassler
PUMA is the word for cougar in Germany, as well as other languages. Adolf Dassler started to produce sport shoes in his mother's wash kitchen after his return from World War I. Rudolf joined the family business in 1924, and it is called Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory.
Adidas is the 2nd largest sportswear manufacturer worldwide
Rudolf died on Oct. 27, 1974 of lung cancer at age 76.
Otto Hahn
(the first man to split the atom.) German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. "The father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Discovered nuclear fission. separation of many elements and kinds of atoms which arise through fission.. He was born on 8th March, 1879, at Frankfurt-on-Main. He attended the secondary high school there until he matriculated.
From 1897 Hahn studied chemistry at Marburg and Munich, taking his doctorate examination in 1901 at Marburg and submitting to Professor Theodor Zincke a thesis on organic chemistry. In 1913 Hahn married Edith, née Junghans and they had one son, Hanno, born in 1922, killed by accident in 1960
From 1897 Hahn studied chemistry at Marburg and Munich, taking his doctorate examination in 1901 at Marburg and submitting to Professor Theodor Zincke a thesis on organic chemistry. In 1913 Hahn married Edith, née Junghans and they had one son, Hanno, born in 1922, killed by accident in 1960
Hugo Junkers
(3 February 1859 – 3 February 1935) was an innovative German engineer, as his many patents in varied areas (gas engines, aeroplanes) show. In 1915, he pioneered the first great change in aviation materials and design technology, away from wood and fabric materials braced by wire rigging, towards all-metal, cantilever-winged monoplane aircraft that had little to no external bracing.
Hugo Junkers is mainly known in connection with aircraft bearing his name. This includes such he reluctantly developed for the German Empire during World War I, later in minor association with Anthony Fokker, as well as civil aircraft designs during the Interwar Period produced by Junkers Flugzeugwerke (Junkers Aircraft Works). Junkers, a pacifist and not on good terms with the Nazis, died in 1935 and was not involved in the development of Junkers military aircraft for the Third Reich's Luftwaffe before or during World War II.
General relativity and the Equivalence Principle
Hugo Junkers is mainly known in connection with aircraft bearing his name. This includes such he reluctantly developed for the German Empire during World War I, later in minor association with Anthony Fokker, as well as civil aircraft designs during the Interwar Period produced by Junkers Flugzeugwerke (Junkers Aircraft Works). Junkers, a pacifist and not on good terms with the Nazis, died in 1935 and was not involved in the development of Junkers military aircraft for the Third Reich's Luftwaffe before or during World War II.
Richard Hellmann:
Hellmann's (Blue Ribbon) Mayonnaise, 1905.
Alzheimer
was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown. In 1901, Alzheimer observed a patient at the Frankfurt Asylum named Auguste Deter. The 51-year-old patient had strange behavioral symptoms, including a loss of short-term memory. This patient would become his obsession over the coming years. In April 1906, Mrs. Deter died and Alzheimer had the patient records and the brain brought to Munich where he was working at Kraepelin's lab. In mid-December 1915, Alzheimer fell ill on the train on his way to the University of Breslau, where he had been appointed professor of psychiatry in 1912. Most probably he had a streptococcal infection and subsequent rheumatic fever and kidney failure. He died of heart failure at the age of 51 in Breslau, Silesia. ALzheimer was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.
Wernher von Braun(inventor) and Walter Robert Dornberger
(co-inventor): (6 September 1895 - 27 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World Wars I and II. He was a leader of Germany's V-2 rocket program and other projects at the Army Research Center. The V2 rocket was a single-stage rocket fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen. It stood 46.1 feet high and had a thrust of 56,000 pounds. The A-4 had a payload capacity of 2,200 pounds and could reach a velocity of 3,500 miles per hour. It was the world's first launch of a ballistic missile and the first rocket ever to go into the fringes of space.
Albert Einstein
Was born March 4 1879 and died April 18 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. The word Einstein now is related with genius. Einstein merited awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Theory of relativity and E = mc2
Neutrinos are faster then light. Proving this theory wrong.
Quantized atomic vibrations
General relativity and the Equivalence Principle
General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.
Modern quantum theory
CAR INDUSTRY
In 1916 BMW was founded, but didn't start auto production until 1928. The collapse of the global economy during the Great Depression in the early 1930s plunged Germany's auto industry into a severe crisis. While eighty-six auto companies had existed in Germany during the 1920s, barely twelve survived the depression, including Daimler-Benz, Opel and Ford's factory in Cologne. In addition, four of the country's major car manufacturers — Horch, Dampf Kraft Wagen (DKW), Wanderer and Audi — formed a joint venture known as the Auto Union in 1932, which was to play a leading role in Germany's comeback from the depression.
Currently, six German companies dominate the automotive industry in the country: Volkswagen AG, BMW AG, Daimler AG, Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Adam Opel AG and Ford-Werke GmbH. Nearly six million vehicles are produced in Germany each year, and approximately 5.5 million are produced overseas by German brands.
Germany is one of the top 4 automobile manufacturers in the world. The Volkswagen Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies of the world
The AIR BAGUsed for the first time in 1981 as optional equipment for the mercedes-Benz S-class, the airbag has now become standard. And it has been helping to save lives ever since.
Gummi Bear
A sweet, colorful, tiny little bear in the palm of your hand. You pick it up to your mouth, and bite its little head off. One of Germany's most popular sets was created in 1922 by Hans Riegel. He was born in Bonn, and opened a candy company called HARIBO, an acronym based on the letters of his name: HAns RIegel of Bonn. In Germany, the also make beer flavored Gummi Bears. I tried them and they taste nasty!!!! When I asked a German tour guide if they have real beer in them she said yes, so if you ate enough of them you could actually blow something in a breathalyzer.
Wednesday, November 30, 2011
20th Century Arts
20th century arts:
Cinematography-
Cinematography was created during the 19th century
Originally geared towards the upper class and it wasn't long before the lower and middle were enjoying films as well.
German Expressionism of the 1920s is said to have influence classic Hollywood film noir.
The Jazz Singer (1927)
First full length film with synchronized dialog
Nazi Regime-
No films could be made that contradicted the ideas of the Nazi Party
Triumph of the Will (1935) Propaganda film created by Leni Riefenstahl of the Nuremberg Rally
Many of the films during this time were propaganda, racist, or comedies
Films and Information-
Cinematography-
Cinematography was created during the 19th century
Originally geared towards the upper class and it wasn't long before the lower and middle were enjoying films as well.
German Expressionism of the 1920s is said to have influence classic Hollywood film noir.
The Jazz Singer (1927)
First full length film with synchronized dialog
Nazi Regime-
No films could be made that contradicted the ideas of the Nazi Party
Triumph of the Will (1935) Propaganda film created by Leni Riefenstahl of the Nuremberg Rally
Many of the films during this time were propaganda, racist, or comedies
Films and Information-
- 1920s
- Nosferatu (1922) ‘Dracula’
- Redone in 1979 by Werener Herzog
- 1950s - Attendance was at an all time high during 1956
Main Genres: Heimatfilm ("homeland film"), romance, musicals, comedies - 1960s - Less movie patrons
Main Genres: westerns, crime, thrillers, porn - 1970s - New Cinema Era
Main Genres: Literature to Film, Feminist films - 1980s - Renewed international recognition for German films
- Das Boot (1981)
- The NeverEnding Story (1984)
- Wings of Desire (1987)
- 1990s- Focused on independent films and horror movies
- Lola Rennt (1998)
- Dance
- Schuhplatter
- Bavarian/Austrian folk dance.
- Originally, young men danced to impress marriageable young women.
- The dance was a free of rules, but now the dance used traditional steps of a rhythmic hitting the thigh, knees, soles of the feet, and stomping of the feet.
- Modern Dance
- Rudolf von Laban and his student Mary Wigman had major influence
- Began as a dance of experiementation.
- Mary Wigman opened a school of dance in Dresden in 1920. However, the Nazis closed her school.
- She reopened her school in 1948 in Berlin.
- Early 20th century Music
- Cabaret: Rose during Weimar Republic (1920s), Popular in night clubs, type of stage entertainment, similar to Burlesque
- Swing: Banned by Nazi Germany because it was associated with "American ways" and promoted sexual promiscuity
- Ernst Hermann Meyer
- Born in Berlin on December 8th, 1905
- · At 11 he started composing
- · Get his PhD at Heidelburg University
- · He was Jewish so he went to the UK so he didn’t get killed by Nazi’s
- · He was one of the most influential music figures in the GDR
- · He was the head of the German Society of Composers and Musicologists, professor of musicology at the Berlin Humbolt University, chairman of the German Handel Society and founder of the annual Handel Festival which is still celebrated in some parts of Germany
- · Some of his works include: Symphony for strings, symphony in b flat and sonata for viola and piano (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrL8iTEeA2o&feature=related)
- · He died October 8th, 1988
- Born in Munich on July 10th, 1895
- · He started taking interest in music as early as five, at 16 some of his music was published
- · He participated and nearly died in ww1
- · He not only wrote music but he also wrote stories and plays
- · He co-founded the Gunther School for gymnastics, music and dance. He worked with mostly beginners and this is how he started to share his ideas of conducting
- · The first way he started this was with Elementare Musikubung, this ended up being too complex for the teachers to follow. He then created Schulwerk, which was much easier to do and get the kids involved in. This helped combine instruments, music and dancing.
- · Later on he created Musik fur Kider which also helps get children up and moving.
- · A lot of his accomplishments were geared towards teaching children and ways of getting them involved in music and such.
- · His most famous piece is his Carmina Burana sometimes known as O Fortuna (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkgcUEGEZv4&feature=fvst)
- · The translation of this song is pretty depressing. It basically about trying to overcome and failing miserably (http://www.puremango.co.uk/2008/03/o_fortuna_translation/)
- · He died March 29th, 1982
- Modern Music:
- Rammestein
- formed in 1994
- sold 15 million albums worldwide.
- Industrial Metal Genre.
- Du Hast
- Rap music did not come about until the late 1980s, emerging most in 1995-early 2000s
- Bushido- Nie Ein
- Expressionist Art Movement
- This type of art distorted color, scale and space to convey their feelings about what they saw.
- Mostly from Dresden and Munich
- Influenced from Van Gogh's evocative canvases
- Works Cited
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//German_film_history
- http://worldfilm.about.com/od/germanfilms/tp/germanfilms.org
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Cabaret
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism#Theatre
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein#cite_note-6
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_hip_hop
- http://www.ranker.com/list/german-expressionism-paintings/reference
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
20th century rules and government
Weimar Republic (1918-1933)
The Weimar Republic is referred to as a period in German History between 1918 and 1933 when the government was a democratic republic governed by a constitution that was laid out in the German city Weimar.
-during this time period there was 6 chancellors
-made to replace the imperial government
-officially named Deutsches Reich meaning/translated to the german Empire or Realm
-they wrote a new constitution which was adopted August 11, 1919
-it was over thrown by the Nazis
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
The hyperinflation was a three-year period in Germany between June 1921 and July 1924. The hyperinflation episode in the Weimar Republic in the 1920's was not the first, nor the only in Europe. Many of the economic behaviors now associated with hyperinflation were first documented in Germany. Hyperinflation is widely believed to have contributed to the Nazi takeover of germany and Adolf Hitlers rise to power.
-Dawes plan:
relied on money from US in 1924 but soon realized they couldn't pay back such a large sum of money
-Young plan:
reduced payments to allow better payment plans. Lowered to a half billion gold marks which in 1929 was about 8 million in the US. now days it is 103 billion.
The Treaty of Versailles
The treaty of versailees is one of the most controversial international agreements. Many people have tended to blame the rise of the Nazis on versailles.
-financial impact:
the treaty blamed Germany for the first world war. As a result of this Germany was also held accountable for the cost of the war. The treaty dictated that compensations would have to be paid to the Allies. That they would have to make monthly payments that would total 6,600 million Euros.
-Political Impact:
The treaty triggered a number of political reactions. First, the government of the day resigned, having refused to sign the treaty agreement. Second, the incoming government had no choice but to sign the treaty. For doing so, they were accused by some of stabbing the German people in the back.
The Weimar Republic is referred to as a period in German History between 1918 and 1933 when the government was a democratic republic governed by a constitution that was laid out in the German city Weimar.
-during this time period there was 6 chancellors
-made to replace the imperial government
-officially named Deutsches Reich meaning/translated to the german Empire or Realm
-they wrote a new constitution which was adopted August 11, 1919
-it was over thrown by the Nazis
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
The hyperinflation was a three-year period in Germany between June 1921 and July 1924. The hyperinflation episode in the Weimar Republic in the 1920's was not the first, nor the only in Europe. Many of the economic behaviors now associated with hyperinflation were first documented in Germany. Hyperinflation is widely believed to have contributed to the Nazi takeover of germany and Adolf Hitlers rise to power.
-Dawes plan:
relied on money from US in 1924 but soon realized they couldn't pay back such a large sum of money
-Young plan:
reduced payments to allow better payment plans. Lowered to a half billion gold marks which in 1929 was about 8 million in the US. now days it is 103 billion.
The Treaty of Versailles
The treaty of versailees is one of the most controversial international agreements. Many people have tended to blame the rise of the Nazis on versailles.
-financial impact:
the treaty blamed Germany for the first world war. As a result of this Germany was also held accountable for the cost of the war. The treaty dictated that compensations would have to be paid to the Allies. That they would have to make monthly payments that would total 6,600 million Euros.
-Political Impact:
The treaty triggered a number of political reactions. First, the government of the day resigned, having refused to sign the treaty agreement. Second, the incoming government had no choice but to sign the treaty. For doing so, they were accused by some of stabbing the German people in the back.
20th century writers and poets
Writers and Poets of 20th Century Germany
By: Matt Dehn, Miranda Scherer, Lacey Harp, Robert Niehoff,
Tom Monson, Angela Balcome, Tim Cox and Starsha Vang
Our outline( because powerpoint would not upload)
Pre war(1900-1914)
Expressionism
Built up emotions that lead to war
Reaction of Conditions
New Objectivism
A better lifestyle?
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230881/German-literature
War Era 1915-1945
Much written about this era!
Expressionism Era Effected
NAZI CONTROL
Book Burning Hyperlink
POST WAR(1945-1959)
Much writing about holocaust survival
Aftermath of War
Depressing
Hans Fallada
Born in Greifswald in 1893
Pseudonyms come from Grimm Fairy Tales
Died in 1947 at 54 years of age
Works include
Little Man- What Now?
Alone in Berlin
Little Man- What Now?
Published in 1932
Made into a Movie- released in US in 1934
Alone in Berlin
Published in 1947
Based on true story
Became bestseller in US/UK when translated into English
Thomas Kling
Poet
Wrote Manhatten Mouthspace about 9/11 disaster
Died in 2005
Anna Seghers/ Netty Reiling
Born as Netty Reiling in Mainz
Studied Philology (study of language), History and Sinology (study of classical language and literature) at Heidelber in Cologne.
Published Die Gefährten in 1932 warning about fascism. Leading to her arrest and later working for an anti-fascist magazine.
In 1950 she was a co-founder of the GDR.
Died in 1983
Günter Eich
Born February 1, 1907 in Lebus, Brandenburg
Served in German Army during WWII
Poet, Playwrite, Author
Died 1972
Works of Günter Eich
Rebellion in der Goldstadt (1940)
Züge im Nebel (1947)
Abgelegene Gehöfte (1948)
Träume. Vier Spiele (1953)
Das Jahr Lazertis (1954)
Botschaften des Regens (1955)
Stimmen (1958)
Zu den Akten (1964)
Anlässe und Steingärten (1966)
Maulwürfe (1968)
Ein Tibeter in Meinem
Büro (1970)
Nach Seumes Papieren (1972)
Erich Remarque
Born 1898
Wrote All Quiet on the Western Front after his experience on the Western front
Left Germany in 1931
In 1933 the Nazi’s banned and destroyed all copies of All Quiet on the Western Front
In 1943 the Nazi party arrested his sister for ‘undermining morale’. She was sentenced to death by guillotine
Other Works of Erich Remarque
The Road Back
Three Comrades
Arch of Triumph
A Spark of Life
Time to Live and Time to Die
Christa Wolf
Born March 18, 1929 in Brandenburg
Literacy Critic, Novelist, Essayist
One of the best-known writers from East Germany
First recipient of the German Book Prize
Best known work was with Der Geteilte Himmel (1963)
Anne Frank
Born June 12, 1929
German-Jewish teen, forced into hiding during the Holocaust
Spent 25 months above her father’s office in Amsterdam
In March, 1945, 9 months after she and her family was found. Anne Frank died of typhus at the age of 15.
Her Diary was published in 1947, later becoming one of the most widely read books in the world
Aldona Gustas
Born in Lithuania March 2, 1932
Moved to Berlin in 1941
Published 11 books of poetry between 1962-1980.
Main theme being Love
Received Rahel Varnhagen Medal in 1997.
Erich Kastner
Born in Dresden on February 23, 1899
Author, Screenwriter
Satire
Humorous Poetry
Children’s Literature
Drafted in WWI at 18 years old
Published Emil Und Die Detektive (1928)- Best-known children’s book
Novel Fabian (1931) made into movie released in 1980
Alfred Döblin
Worked at Journalist in Berlin
Won Fontane Prize for Die drei Sprünge des Wang-Lung (1915)
Was German Army doctor during WWI
Became President of German Writers Association in 1924
Most famous work was Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929)
Worked for MGM Studios in USA in 1940 before moving to France in 1945
Sources
http://www.lituanus.org/1981_4/81_4_07.htm#Ref
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldona_Gustas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Doblin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Doeblin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner
http://www.mertin-litag.de/authors_htm/Hilsenrath-E.htm
http://www.nndb.com/people/079/000163587/
http://www.mscd.edu/~mdl/gerresources/frauen/aseghers.htm
http://www.dialoginternational.com/dialog_international/2010/04/national-poetry-month-.html
http://klappentexterin.wordpress.com/category/fundstucke/page/2/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Wolf
http://maps.thefullwiki.org/Christa_Wolf
http://www.thewiplist.com/celebrity/Christa+Wolf_10634129/
http://hansfallada.com/
http://hansfallada.com/wp-content/themes/arthemia/scripts/timthumb.php?src=/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Fallada_1_DW_Kultur_818266g.jpg&w=300&h=275&zc=1&q=100
http://germany.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=2219
http://www.annefrank.com/who-is-anne-frank/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque
http://www.annefrank.com/who-is-anne-frank
Wednesday, November 9, 2011
20th Century Roles of Men and Women in Society
20th Century Roles of Men and Women in Society
By: Tom Monson, Miranda Scherer, Robert Niehoff, Matt Dehn,
Tim Cox, Angela Balcome, Sarsha Vang, Monica Riebe, Brett Clark- Hedlof
Military Roles
Men
All men age 18-23 were obligated to go through a nine month training before going into war
There are approximately 200,000 soldiers that are considered professional and 300,000 that are more civilian, but are on reserve and are able to become active at any given time
Some men were forced into war through guilt or shame of their family and friends during WWI and WWII
All major German military and political leaders were men
Military roles
Women
In WWII Women took on the more traditional roles that men had filled.
During WWII Women tended to the sick and wounded, buried the dead, cleared the streets of rubble and ruins and salvaged what they could.
In 1975, German women were sought out to join the military, mostly as nurses
Political Roles
1919- Women receive the right to vote
1949- Basic Law made men and women equal, but until 1957 this law wasn’t amended into the civil code
Domestic Roles
Women
the three "K" words: Kirche, Kinder and Küche. (church, children and cooking)
Also, women were meant to bear “Aryan” children and were taught to do so through aggressive propaganda.
East German society
East Germany
Women remained working
Laws were revised to accommodate working mothers and many daycares opened up
Abortion was legalized for the 1st trimester
East Germany relied on women due to the number of males fleeing to West Germany
90% of women made up the workforce and ½ of the German Trade Union Federation
West German Society
West Germany
After WWII women became homemakers again because the men were back from war
West women wanted the same rights as east women (abortion, working rights, education)
Education
Primarily male driven at first
More then half of the people getting a secondary education was women after 1977
East women were more educated then west, because west women wanted to keep the traditional role
In 1980 women were just as qualified as men
Work Force
Women’s salary was still only about 65-78% of the male salary
Women could not hold top positions
Most women still worked the traditional jobs, such as school teachers and nurses
Sources
Sources
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa080601c.htm
http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
http://www.mygermancity.com/german-military
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005205
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/g-wm.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_roles_in_the_World_Wars
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/matahari.htm
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#Gender_roles_and_demographics
http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,702895,00.html
http://www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/pretoria__dz/en/03__BD/New__women__manag
http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
http://www.mygermancity.com/german-military
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005205
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/g-wm.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_roles_in_the_World_Wars
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/matahari.htm
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ency/blwh_germany_women.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#Gender_roles_and_demographics
http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,702895,00.html
http://www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/pretoria__dz/en/03__BD/New__women__manag
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